Laws, Policies & Conventions

Q1. The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in:

A. 1974B. 1981C. 1986D. 2010

Q2. National Green Tribunal was established under:

A. EPA 1986 onlyB. NGT Act 2010C. Wildlife Act 1972D. Air Act 1981

Q3. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act year:

A. 1974B. 1981C. 1986D. 2002

Q4. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act year:

A. 1974B. 1981C. 1986D. 2010

Q5. Wildlife (Protection) Act year:

A. 1952B. 1972C. 1986D. 2002

Q6. Biological Diversity Act year:

A. 1972B. 1986C. 2002D. 2010

Q7. Forest Rights Act (FRA) year:

A. 1980B. 2006C. 2013D. 1972

Q8. Polluter Pays Principle has been applied by:

A. Only legislature without courtsB. Indian judiciary including Supreme Court and NGTC. Only international tribunals without IndiaD. Never in India

Q9. Precautionary principle means:

A. Act only after full scientific certainty of harmB. Lack of full scientific certainty should not postpone cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradationC. Ignore scienceD. Only act after disaster

Q10. Stockholm Conference year:

A. 1972B. 1992C. 1997D. 2015

Q11. Rio Earth Summit year:

A. 1972B. 1992C. 2002D. 2012

Q12. Montreal Protocol addresses:

A. Climate onlyB. Ozone-depleting substancesC. Biodiversity onlyD. Desertification only

Q13. Paris Agreement is under the framework of:

A. WTOB. UNFCCCC. CBDD. Montreal Protocol

Q14. CITES regulates:

A. Only domestic huntingB. International trade in endangered speciesC. Only fisheries subsidiesD. Only climate finance

Q15. Ramsar Convention is on:

A. DesertsB. WetlandsC. Mountains onlyD. Cities

Q16. The Public Trust Doctrine in Indian environmental law holds that:

A. Government owns all resources for private sale onlyB. Certain resources are held by the state in trust for the publicC. Only private ownership mattersD. No state role

Q17. CAMPA is related to:

A. Air pollution onlyB. Compensatory afforestation fund managementC. Only wildlife crimeD. Only plastic ban

Q18. EIA notification in India is issued under:

A. Wildlife ActB. Environment (Protection) ActC. Companies ActD. Income Tax Act

Q19. NGT has jurisdiction over:

A. Only criminal murder casesB. Civil cases involving substantial environmental questions under specified lawsC. Only tax disputesD. Only election petitions

Q20. Sustainable Development as a legal principle in India was notably developed in:

A. Only colonial lawB. Supreme Court judgments (e.g., Vellore, various PILs)C. Only international soft law without domestic useD. Never used

Q21. The Basel Convention deals with:

A. ClimateB. Transboundary movement of hazardous wastesC. OzoneD. Wetlands

Q22. SDGs have how many goals?

A. 8B. 12C. 17D. 21

Q23. Inter-generational equity means:

A. Only present generation mattersB. Present generation should not compromise ability of future generations to meet needsC. Only future mattersD. No equity concept

Q24. The Forest (Conservation) Act primarily regulates:

A. Only wildlife tradeB. Diversion of forest land for non-forest purposesC. Only grazingD. Only tourism

Q25. Which principle is reflected in 'onus of proof on the developer' in environmental cases?

A. Polluter pays onlyB. Precautionary principleC. Only absolute liability without precautionD. No principle

Q26. UNEP is:

A. A trade bodyB. United Nations Environment ProgrammeC. Only a climate fundD. Only a court

Q27. The Kigali Amendment relates to:

A. CO2 onlyB. Phase-down of HFCs under Montreal ProtocolC. Only biodiversityD. Only deserts

Q28. Absolute liability in Indian environmental law (as in Oleum gas) means:

A. Fault must be proved alwaysB. Enterprise engaged in hazardous activity is liable without exceptions of strict liabilityC. No liabilityD. Only state liability

Q29. The National Environment Policy of India (2006) emphasises:

A. Only growth without environmentB. Conservation of critical resources, intra/inter-generational equity, integration of environment in developmentC. Only command-and-control without economicsD. Ignoring communities

Q30. Which Act provides for Biodiversity Management Committees at local level?

A. Air ActB. Biological Diversity Act 2002C. Noise Rules onlyD. Motor Vehicles Act

Q31. The concept of Extended Producer Responsibility is used in:

A. Only income taxB. Plastic waste and e-waste rulesC. Only wildlifeD. Only forests

Q32. Aarhus Convention (international) is about:

A. Trade tariffsB. Access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental mattersC. Only ozoneD. Only whales

Q33. In India, CRZ notifications regulate:

A. Only Himalayan constructionB. Coastal Regulation Zone – activities along the coastC. Only desert miningD. Only river linking

Q34. The Public Liability Insurance Act relates to:

A. Only life insuranceB. Immediate relief to persons affected by accidents while handling hazardous substancesC. Only vehicle insuranceD. Only crop insurance

Q35. Which of the following is a multilateral environmental agreement on migratory species?

A. Only CBDB. CMS (Bonn Convention)C. Only UNFCCCD. Only Basel

Q36. Environmental rule of law requires:

A. Arbitrary enforcementB. Clear laws, accountability, access to justice, and consistent applicationC. Only voluntary guidelinesD. No courts

Q37. The Doctrine of Parens Patriae has been used by Indian courts to:

A. Only criminal casesB. Protect environment and vulnerable as guardian of the peopleC. Only tax collectionD. Only elections

Q38. Which body prepares the State of Forest Report in India?

A. RBIB. Forest Survey of IndiaC. NITI Aayog onlyD. WTO

Q39. Prior Informed Consent in biodiversity/ABS context means:

A. No need to ask communitiesB. Consent of providers before access to resources/knowledgeC. Only after commercialisationD. Only government without locals

Q40. The National Biodiversity Authority is headquartered in:

A. Delhi onlyB. ChennaiC. MumbaiD. Kolkata

Q41. Which of the following is true about NGT orders?

A. They cannot be appealedB. Appeals lie to the Supreme CourtC. Only High Courts hear all environment cases exclusively without NGTD. NGT has no civil powers

Q42. The principle of CBDR is most associated with:

A. Only trade lawB. Climate change regime (UNFCCC)C. Only wildlife tradeD. Only wetlands

Q43. Eco-Sensitive Zones around protected areas are notified to:

A. Promote heavy industryB. Regulate activities to reduce pressure on PAsC. Abolish all buffer zonesD. Only allow mining

Q44. The UNCCD deals with:

A. Climate onlyB. Desertification and land degradationC. OzoneD. Hazardous waste only

Q45. Which Indian constitutional provision is often cited for environmental protection?

A. Only Article 19 without limitsB. Articles 21, 48A and 51A(g) among othersC. Only Directive Principles without fundamental rights linkD. No constitutional basis

Q46. Hazardous and Other Wastes Rules in India implement aspects of:

A. Only CITESB. Basel Convention obligations among other aimsC. Only RamsarD. Only Paris

Q47. The term 'sustainable development' was popularised globally by:

A. Only Stockholm without definitionB. Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) 1987C. Only KyotoD. Only SDGs without prior history

Q48. Which of the following is a function of State Pollution Control Boards?

A. Only central taxationB. Consent management, monitoring and enforcement under Air/Water ActsC. Only wildlife crimeD. Only forest diversion

Q49. The Cartagena Protocol is about:

A. Climate financeB. Biosafety – living modified organisms (LMOs)C. OzoneD. Wetlands

Q50. Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) seeks to:

A. Free access without sharing benefitsB. Fair sharing of benefits from use of genetic resources with providersC. Only patents without consentD. Ignore traditional knowledge

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