Select a chapter. Each mock has 50 medium–hard MCQs. After submission you get score, correct answers and full explanations.
1. Ecology & Ecosystem
Ecosystem structure, food chains, energy flow, succession, biomes
2. Biodiversity
Levels, hotspots, IUCN, wildlife, threats, conservation strategies
3. Environmental Pollution
Air, water, soil, noise, plastic, e-waste, control measures
4. Climate Change
GHGs, global warming, IPCC, mitigation, adaptation, India actions
5. Laws, Policies & Conventions
Indian laws, NGT, UNEP, CBD, UNFCCC, Montreal, Paris, SDGs
6. Conservation & Resources
Protected areas, wetlands, forests, water, energy, sustainable development
Quick revision notes. Read before attempting the mocks.
1. Ecology & Ecosystem
Ecosystem: Community of living organisms + physical environment interacting as a system. Structure: biotic (producers, consumers, decomposers) + abiotic (climate, soil, water).
Energy flow: Unidirectional; 10% law (Lindeman). Food chain vs food web. Ecological pyramids (number, biomass, energy).
Succession: Primary vs secondary; climax community. Biomes: tropical rainforest, desert, tundra, grassland, etc.
Key terms: Niche, habitat, carrying capacity, ecotone, edge effect, keystone species, keystone predator.
2. Biodiversity
Levels: Genetic, species, ecosystem diversity. India is one of 17 megadiverse countries; 4 biodiversity hotspots (Himalaya, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma, Sundaland – Nicobar).
IUCN Red List: Extinct, EW, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC. Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Project Snow Leopard.
Threats: Habitat loss, fragmentation, invasive species, overexploitation, climate change, pollution.
In-situ: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Community Conserved Areas. Ex-situ: Zoos, seed banks, botanical gardens.
3. Environmental Pollution
Air: PM2.5/PM10, SOx, NOx, CO, ozone, VOCs. NAAQS, AQI. Control: BS-VI, odd-even, GRAP, scrubbers, catalytic converters.
Water: BOD, COD, eutrophication, biomagnification, heavy metals. Ganga Action, Namami Gange, STPs.
Soil & others: Pesticides, heavy metals, plastic (single-use ban), e-waste (EPR), noise (limits), thermal/radioactive.
Concepts: Bioaccumulation vs biomagnification, point vs non-point sources, polluter pays principle.
4. Climate Change
GHGs: CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, SF₆. GWP and lifetime differ. IPCC reports; 1.5°C and 2°C pathways.
Impacts: Sea-level rise, extreme events, agriculture, health, glaciers, coral bleaching.
India: NAPCC (8 missions), NDCs under Paris, net-zero by 2070, LiFE, National Hydrogen Mission, renewable targets.
Mitigation vs Adaptation: Reduce emissions vs adjust to impacts. Carbon markets, carbon tax, REDD+.
5. Laws, Policies & Conventions
India: Environment (Protection) Act 1986, Air Act 1981, Water Act 1974, Wildlife Act 1972, Forest Act, Biological Diversity Act 2002, NGT Act 2010, CAMPA, Forest Rights Act 2006.
International: Stockholm 1972, Rio 1992 (Agenda 21, UNFCCC, CBD), Kyoto, Montreal (ozone), Paris 2015, SDGs, CITES, Ramsar, Bonn, CMS.
Principles: Precautionary, Polluter Pays, Sustainable Development, Inter/Intra-generational equity, Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR).
6. Conservation & Resources
Protected Areas: NP, WLS, Conservation/Community Reserves, Biosphere Reserves (core–buffer–transition). Ramsar sites in India.
Forests: Types, Forest Survey of India, National Forest Policy, joint forest management, REDD+.
Water & Energy: Watershed, rainwater harvesting, interlinking debates; renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro), energy efficiency.
Sustainable Development: Brundtland definition, SDGs (17 goals), circular economy, ESG.